Answer: (A) National Highway Development Project

Explanation

The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) is India’s largest National Highway Development Project (NHDP). It connects the four major metropolitan cities—Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata—through a network of four/six-lane national highways. The project was launched to improve road connectivity, reduce travel time, and promote economic growth across the country.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: National Highway Development Project
• Length: Approximately 5,846 km
• Connects: Delhi – Mumbai – Chennai – Kolkata
• Implemented by: National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)
• Part of: National Highways Development Project (NHDP)
• Purpose: Improve freight movement, passenger transport, and economic integration.
• Related Corridors:
  • North–South Corridor: Srinagar → Kanyakumari
  • East–West Corridor: Silchar → Porbandar

Answer: (A) Andaman

Explanation

The Jarawas are one of the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) of India. They are indigenous to the Andaman Islands, mainly inhabiting the Middle and South Andaman Islands. Traditionally, they are hunter-gatherers and have maintained limited contact with the outside world.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Andaman
• Tribe: Jarawa
• Location: Middle and South Andaman Islands
• Category: Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG)
• Other PVTGs of Andaman & Nicobar Islands: Great Andamanese, Onge, Sentinelese, and Shompen.
• Sentinelese inhabit North Sentinel Island and are known for their complete isolation from the outside world.

Answer: (A) the number of females per 1000 males.

Explanation

According to the Census of India, the Sex Ratio is defined as the number of females per 1,000 males in a population. It is an important demographic indicator used to measure the gender composition and social development of a country.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Number of females per 1,000 males.
• Definition (India): Number of females per 1,000 males.
• Published by: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
• Child Sex Ratio (0–6 years): Number of girls (0–6 years) per 1,000 boys in the same age group.
• Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB): Number of female live births per 1,000 male live births.
• Census 2011 Sex Ratio (India): 943 females per 1,000 males.
• Census 2011 Child Sex Ratio (0–6 years): 919 girls per 1,000 boys.

Answer: (D) (I) and (III)

Explanation

• Rihand Dam is located in Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh on the Rihand River.
• Massanjore Dam is located in Dumka district, Jharkhand (not West Bengal) on the Mayurakshi River.
• Rana Pratap Sagar Dam is located in Rajasthan on the Chambal River. ✔
• Hirakud Dam is located in Odisha on the Mahanadi River (not Chhattisgarh).

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: (D) (I) and (III)
• Rihand Dam: Rihand River – Uttar Pradesh
• Massanjore Dam: Mayurakshi River – Jharkhand
• Rana Pratap Sagar Dam: Chambal River – Rajasthan
• Hirakud Dam: Mahanadi River – Odisha
• Hirakud Dam is one of the longest earthen dams in the world.
• Rana Pratap Sagar Dam is part of the Chambal Valley Project.

Answer: (A) Kandla — Maharashtra

Explanation

Kandla Port is located in the state of Gujarat, not Maharashtra. It is one of India’s major ports situated on the Gulf of Kutch. The remaining pairs are correctly matched.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Kandla — Maharashtra (Incorrect; Kandla is in Gujarat)
• Kandla Port (Deendayal Port): Gujarat
• Paradip Port: Odisha
• Tuticorin (V.O. Chidambaranar) Port: Tamil Nadu
• Cochin Port: Kerala
• Kandla (Deendayal) Port is a major port on the west coast of India.
• Paradip Port is a major port on the east coast of India, located on the Bay of Bengal.

Answer: (B) Cauvery (Kaveri)

Explanation

Both the Krishna Raja Sagar (KRS) Dam and the Mettur Dam are built across the Cauvery (Kaveri) River. The KRS Dam is located in Karnataka, while the Mettur Dam is situated in Tamil Nadu. These dams are important for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and water supply.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Cauvery (Kaveri) River
• Krishna Raja Sagar (KRS) Dam: Mandya district, Karnataka
• Mettur Dam (Stanley Reservoir): Salem district, Tamil Nadu
• River: Cauvery (Kaveri)
• Origin of Cauvery: Talakaveri, Brahmagiri Hills, Karnataka
• States through which Cauvery flows: Karnataka → Tamil Nadu (also forms part of the boundary with Kerala)
• Major Tributaries: Kabini, Hemavati, Shimsha, Bhavani, Amaravati, Arkavati
• Cauvery Water Dispute: Primarily between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu (also involves Kerala and Puducherry).

Answer: (D) Thorium

Explanation

India possesses one of the world’s largest reserves of Thorium, mainly found in the monazite sands of the coastal regions of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha. Since India’s uranium reserves are limited, the country’s long-term nuclear power programme is based on the utilization of Thorium.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Thorium
• India has abundant reserves of: Thorium, but limited Uranium.
• Major source of Thorium: Monazite sand.
• Major Thorium-bearing states: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha.
• India’s Nuclear Power Programme: A three-stage programme designed to utilize Thorium efficiently.
• Founder of India’s Nuclear Programme: Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha.
• Common nuclear fuels: Uranium-235, Plutonium-239, and Thorium-232 (Thorium is a fertile material used to produce fissile Uranium-233).

Answer: (B) Main Central Thrust (MCT)

Explanation

The Main Central Thrust (MCT) is the major geological boundary that separates the Greater Himalaya (Himadri) from the Lesser Himalaya (Himachal). It is a significant fault zone formed due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Main Central Thrust (MCT)
• MCT separates: Greater Himalaya (Himadri) and Lesser Himalaya (Himachal).
• Main Boundary Thrust (MBT): Separates the Lesser Himalaya from the Shiwalik (Outer Himalaya).
• Main Frontal Thrust (MFT): Separates the Shiwalik from the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
• Greater Himalaya (Himadri): Highest Himalayan range; includes peaks like Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga.
• Lesser Himalaya (Himachal): Known for hill stations such as Shimla, Mussoorie, and Nainital.

Answer: (A) A valley between Lesser Himalaya and Shivalik

Explanation

A Dun (Doon) is a longitudinal valley located between the Lesser Himalaya (Himachal) and the Shiwalik (Outer Himalaya) ranges. Dehradun is situated in one such valley, known as the Dehradun Valley.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: A valley between Lesser Himalaya and Shiwalik
• Dun (Doon): A longitudinal valley between the Lesser Himalaya and the Shiwalik.
• Famous Duns in India: Dehradun, Kotli Dun, Patli Dun.
• Dehradun: Capital of Uttarakhand.
• Shiwalik Range: Outermost and youngest range of the Himalayas.
• Bhabar: Pebble-covered belt lying south of the Shiwaliks.
• Terai: Marshy and fertile belt located south of the Bhabar region.

Answer: (A) Ten Degree Channel

Explanation

The Ten Degree Channel is a sea channel that separates the Andaman Islands from the Nicobar Islands. It lies approximately along the 10° North latitude, from which it derives its name.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Ten Degree Channel
• Separates: Andaman Islands and Nicobar Islands
• Located near: 10° North Latitude
• Eight Degree Channel: Separates Minicoy Island from the rest of the Lakshadweep Islands.
• Nine Degree Channel: Separates Minicoy Island and the main Lakshadweep group (frequently asked in exams).
• Six Degree Channel: Separates the Great Nicobar Island from Sumatra (Indonesia).
• Indira Point, the southernmost point of India, is located on Great Nicobar Island.

Answer: (B) K2

Explanation

K2 is located in the Karakoram Range, not in the Himalayan Range. It is the second-highest mountain peak in the world after Mount Everest. The other three peaks—Kamet, Kanchenjunga, and Nanda Devi—are all part of the Himalayan Range.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: K2
• K2: Karakoram Range; 8,611 m; second-highest peak in the world.
• Kanchenjunga: Himalayan Range; 8,586 m; highest peak in India.
• Nanda Devi: Himalayan Range; 7,816 m; second-highest peak entirely within India.
• Kamet: Himalayan Range (Garhwal Himalayas, Uttarakhand); 7,756 m.
• Highest peak in the world: Mount Everest (8,849 m) – Himalayan Range.
• Karakoram Range is famous for its large concentration of glaciers, including the Siachen Glacier.

Answer: (A) Survey of India

Explanation

The Survey of India (SOI) is the national mapping agency of India. It is responsible for preparing and publishing topographical maps, which show natural and man-made features such as relief, rivers, roads, settlements, and vegetation.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Survey of India (SOI)
• Established: 1767
• Headquarters: Dehradun, Uttarakhand
• Ministry: Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India
• Functions: Preparation of topographical maps, national surveys, and geodetic control.
• Geological Survey of India (GSI): Responsible for geological mapping and mineral exploration.
• ISRO: Responsible for space research, satellite launches, and remote sensing; it does not publish India’s topographical maps.

Answer: (C) Eastern part of Peninsular India

Explanation

During the retreating (or withdrawing) South-West Monsoon in October–November, the winds reverse their direction and blow as the North-East Monsoon. These winds pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and bring rainfall to the eastern coast of Peninsular India, especially Tamil Nadu and adjoining regions.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Eastern part of Peninsular India
• Retreating Monsoon Season: October–November
• Also known as: North-East Monsoon
• Main beneficiary state: Tamil Nadu
• Rainfall source: Moisture picked up from the Bay of Bengal
• States receiving rainfall: Tamil Nadu, south coastal Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry, and parts of southeast Karnataka.
• Tamil Nadu receives most of its annual rainfall during the North-East (Retreating) Monsoon, unlike most of India, which receives rain from the South-West Monsoon.

Answer: (D) Uttar Pradesh

Explanation

Yield refers to the production per hectare, not the total production. Although Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer of pulses in India, Uttar Pradesh has the highest productivity (yield) per hectare among the given options due to better irrigation, improved seeds, and modern farming practices. 

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Uttar Pradesh
• Highest pulse production (Total): Madhya Pradesh
• Highest pulse yield (per hectare): Uttar Pradesh (among the given options) 
• Largest producer of Gram (Chickpea): Madhya Pradesh.
• Major pulse-producing states: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Gujarat.
• Major pulses grown in India: Gram (Chickpea), Tur (Arhar/Pigeon pea), Moong (Green gram), Urad (Black gram), Masoor (Lentil), Pea.

Answer: (C) Region between coal and iron ore mining area

Explanation

The Rourkela Steel Plant is located in Sundargarh district, Odisha. It is strategically situated between the iron ore mines of Odisha–Jharkhand and the coalfields of Jharia and Talcher, ensuring easy availability of both major raw materials required for steel production.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Region between coal and iron ore mining area
• Location: Rourkela, Odisha
• Established: 1959
• Managed by: Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)
• Collaboration: Built with German assistance.
• Iron ore source: Bonai–Keonjhar belt (Odisha).
• Coal source: Jharia (Jharkhand) and Talcher (Odisha) coalfields.
• Rourkela was the first integrated steel plant in the public sector in India.

Answer: (C) Madras/Chennai

Explanation

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) generates electricity by utilizing the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater. In India, OTEC technology was experimented with near Chennai (Madras) because the east coast provides suitable oceanic conditions for such projects.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Madras (Chennai)
• OTEC Full Form: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion.
• Principle: Utilizes the temperature difference between warm surface water and cold deep-sea water.
• Minimum temperature difference required: About 20°C.
• Suitable regions: Tropical oceans lying between 20°N and 20°S latitudes.
• India’s OTEC research: Conducted by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai.
• OTEC is a renewable and non-conventional source of energy.

Answer: (A) First

Explanation

India has the largest cattle population in the world and ranks first in cattle rearing. The country is also the largest producer of milk, supported by its vast livestock resources and extensive dairy farming.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: First
• India has the largest cattle population in the world.
• India is the world’s largest producer of milk.
• Operation Flood is known as the White Revolution of India.
• Father of the White Revolution: Dr. Verghese Kurien.
• Largest milk-producing state: Uttar Pradesh.
• National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) played a key role in the development of India’s dairy sector.

Answer: (C) Cloud bursts

Explanation

A cloudburst is an extreme weather event involving very heavy rainfall within a short period over a small area. Although Ladakh is a cold desert with very low annual rainfall, occasional cloudbursts can trigger flash floods and landslides, causing significant loss of life and property.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Cloud bursts
• Cloudburst: Rainfall of 100 mm or more in one hour over a localized area.
• Ladakh: A cold desert lying in the rain-shadow region of the Himalayas.
• Major hazards caused by cloudbursts: Flash floods, landslides, mudflows, and heavy casualties.
• The 2010 Leh cloudburst caused widespread destruction and loss of life.
• Cloudbursts are common in: Himalayan states such as Jammu & Kashmir (Ladakh), Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and parts of the North-East.

Answer: (A) Sown in S.W. Monsoon season and harvested in winter.

Explanation

Aman is the principal Kharif (monsoon) rice crop of eastern India, especially West Bengal. It is sown/transplanted during the South-West Monsoon (June–July) and harvested in winter (November–December).

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Sown in S.W. Monsoon season and harvested in winter.
• Aman Rice: Sown/transplanted in June–July; harvested in November–December.
• Aus Rice: Sown in April–May; harvested in July–August.
• Boro Rice: Sown in November–December; harvested in March–May (requires irrigation).
• Major rice-producing state: West Bengal.
• India is the second-largest producer of rice in the world (after China).
• Rice is a Kharif crop, requiring high temperature and abundant rainfall.

Answer: (C) Chikmagalore

Explanation

The Central Coffee Research Institute (CCRI), the premier coffee research institution in India, is located at Balehonnur in Chikkamagaluru (Chikmagalore) district, Karnataka. It functions under the Coffee Board of India and conducts research on coffee cultivation, breeding, pest management, and processing.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Chikmagalore
• Coffee Research Centre: Central Coffee Research Institute (CCRI), Balehonnur, Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka
• Established: 1925
• Managed by: Coffee Board of India
• Largest coffee-producing state: Karnataka
• Other major coffee-producing states: Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• Major coffee varieties grown in India: Arabica and Robusta.

Answer: (A) India’s four main megacities by superfast railway services.

Explanation

The Diamond Quadrilateral Project is a proposed high-speed rail network in India. It aims to connect the country’s four major metropolitan cities—Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata—through superfast (high-speed) railway services, similar to the Golden Quadrilateral highway network.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: India’s four main megacities by superfast railway services.
• Connects: Delhi – Mumbai – Chennai – Kolkata
• Mode of transport: High-speed railway
• Purpose: Reduce travel time and improve connectivity between major metropolitan cities.
• Announced in: Union Budget 2014–15
• Golden Quadrilateral: Connects the same four cities through National Highways, whereas the Diamond Quadrilateral is a high-speed rail project.

Answer: (B) Gujarat

Explanation

Gujarat is one of India’s most developed states in the food processing industry due to its strong agricultural base, excellent road-port connectivity, food parks, cold-chain infrastructure, and high investment in agro-processing industries. It has emerged as a major hub for food processing and value-added agricultural products.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Gujarat
• Gujarat accounts for one of the largest shares of investment in India’s food processing sector.
• The state has a well-developed network of food parks, cold storage, and export infrastructure.
• Major processed products: Groundnut, cottonseed, spices, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.
• Largest producer of: Castor and Cumin in India.
• National policy support: Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) promotes Mega Food Parks and integrated cold chain projects across India.

Answer: (B) Oranges

Explanation

The Eastern Himalayas are well known for the cultivation of oranges due to their humid subtropical climate, abundant rainfall, and hilly terrain. States such as Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Darjeeling (West Bengal) are famous for orange cultivation.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Oranges
• Major orange-growing states in the Eastern Himalayas: Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, and West Bengal (Darjeeling region).
• Climate required: Cool, humid climate with well-drained soils.
• Eastern Himalayas are recognized as a biodiversity hotspot.
• Major horticultural crops of the Eastern Himalayas: Orange, large cardamom, tea, ginger, and spices.
• Sikkim is India’s leading producer of large cardamom, another important horticultural crop of the Eastern Himalayas.

Answer: (D) Petroleum refinery and Chemical Fertilizers production

Explanation

Haldia Industrial Region in West Bengal is a major petrochemical and port-based industrial centre. It is known for its petroleum refinery, petrochemical industries, and chemical fertilizer production, supported by the Haldia Dock Complex.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Petroleum refinery and Chemical Fertilizers production
• Location: Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal
• Major industries: Petroleum refinery, petrochemicals, chemical fertilizers, plastics, and chemicals.
• Major port: Haldia Dock Complex, a part of the Kolkata Port.
• Refinery: Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) operates a major refinery at Haldia.
• Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd. (HPL) is one of India’s leading petrochemical companies located at Haldia.

Answer: (D) All the reasons above

Explanation

In India, a large proportion of milk is consumed as fresh milk, leaving less milk available for processing into dairy products. In addition, the low purchasing power of many consumers and the low productivity of a large number of indigenous (lean) milch cattle have historically limited the production of processed dairy products.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: All the reasons above
• India is the largest producer of milk in the world.
• Operation Flood is known as the White Revolution of India.
• Father of the White Revolution: Dr. Verghese Kurien.
• National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) played a key role in dairy development.
• Largest milk-producing state: Uttar Pradesh.
• Cross-breeding and improved cattle breeds have significantly increased milk productivity in India.

Answer: (B) Cotton

Explanation

Cotton is the most important textile fibre crop in India and serves as the principal raw material for the country’s cotton textile industry. India is one of the largest producers of cotton in the world.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Cotton
• Type of crop: Kharif crop
• Ideal conditions: High temperature (21–30°C), moderate rainfall (50–100 cm), and black (regur) soil.
• Largest cotton-producing state: Gujarat.
• Other major cotton-producing states: Maharashtra, Telangana, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh.
• India is one of the world’s largest producers of cotton.
• Jute is known as the Golden Fibre and is mainly grown in West Bengal.

Answer: (A) Ballarpur

Explanation

Ballarpur in Maharashtra is regarded as the largest centre of the paper industry in India. It is known for the Ballarpur Industries Limited (BILT), one of India’s leading paper manufacturing companies.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Ballarpur
• Location: Chandrapur district, Maharashtra
• Famous for: Ballarpur Industries Limited (BILT)
• Raw materials: Bamboo, eucalyptus, hardwood, and waste paper.
• Major paper-producing states: Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Odisha.
• Nepanagar (Madhya Pradesh) is famous for Newsprint production through the National Newsprint and Paper Mills Ltd. (NEPA).

Answer: (D) 1961–1981

Explanation

The period 1961–1981 is known as the phase of population explosion in India. During this period, the death rate declined rapidly due to improvements in healthcare and sanitation, while the birth rate remained high, leading to a sharp increase in population.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: 1961–1981
• 1921: Known as the Year of Great Divide in Indian demographic history.
• 1951–1981: Period of rapid population growth, with 1961–1981 regarded as the peak phase of population explosion.
• Main causes: High birth rate and declining death rate.
• Census is conducted every: 10 years in India.
• First Census of India: 1872 (non-synchronous); first complete synchronous Census was held in 1881.
• Population policy: National Population Policy (NPP), 2000 aims to achieve population stabilization.

Answer: (B) Jorhat

Explanation

The Tea Research Centre in Assam is located at Jorhat. The Tocklai Tea Research Institute, established in 1911, is the world’s oldest and one of the largest tea research institutes. It conducts research on tea cultivation, plant breeding, pest management, and tea processing.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Jorhat
• Research Institute: Tocklai Tea Research Institute (TTRI)
• Location: Jorhat, Assam
• Established: 1911
• Significance: World’s oldest and one of the largest tea research institutes.
• Largest tea-producing state in India: Assam
• Major tea-producing states: Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
• Tea Board of India Headquarters: Kolkata, West Bengal.

Answer: (C) Manipur

Explanation

Loktak Lake is a freshwater lake located in Manipur. It is famous for its unique floating islands, known as Phumdis (masses of vegetation, soil, and organic matter). The Keibul Lamjao National Park, the world’s only floating national park, is situated on this lake.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Manipur
• Type: Freshwater lake.
• Famous for: Phumdis (floating islands).
• Keibul Lamjao National Park: World’s only floating national park.
• State Animal of Manipur: Sangai (Brow-antlered Deer), found only in Keibul Lamjao National Park.
• Largest freshwater lake in North-East India: Loktak Lake.
• Ramsar Site: Loktak Lake was designated a Ramsar Site in 1990.

Answer: (B) Jammu & Kashmir

Explanation

The Dulhasti Hydroelectric Power Project is located on the Chenab River in the Kishtwar district of Jammu & Kashmir. It is a run-of-the-river hydroelectric project operated by NHPC Limited.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Jammu & Kashmir
• River: Chenab
• Location: Kishtwar district, Jammu & Kashmir
• Installed Capacity: 390 MW
• Operated by: NHPC Limited
• Chenab River: Originates near Baralacha Pass in Himachal Pradesh and is a major tributary of the Indus River.
• Other important hydroelectric projects on the Chenab River: Baglihar, Salal, Ratle, and Pakal Dul.

Answer: (B) Kari

Explanation

The peaty and marshy soils found in Kerala are locally known as Kari soils. These soils are rich in organic matter (humus), acidic in nature, and occur mainly in the Kuttanad region and other low-lying waterlogged areas.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Kari
• Kari soils: Peaty and marshy soils of Kerala.
• Characteristics: Rich in organic matter, acidic, black in colour, and highly fertile after proper drainage.
• Major occurrence: Kuttanad region of Kerala.
• Major crop grown: Paddy (rice).
• Reh: Saline and alkaline soil found in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, especially in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan.

Answer: (C) The Great Himalayan Range

Explanation

The Great Himalayan Range (Himadri) is the oldest and northernmost of the three parallel Himalayan ranges. It consists of the highest peaks of the Himalayas and is made up of ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks. The Siwalik Range is the youngest Himalayan range.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: The Great Himalayan Range (Himadri)
• Order of Himalayan ranges (North to South): Great Himalaya (Himadri) → Lesser Himalaya (Himachal) → Siwalik (Outer Himalaya).
• Oldest range: Great Himalaya (Himadri).
• Youngest range: Siwalik (Outer Himalaya).
• Average height of Himadri: About 6,000 m.
• Highest peaks such as Mount Everest, Kanchenjunga, and Nanga Parbat are located in the Great Himalaya.
• Dhauladhar Range is a part of the Lesser Himalaya (Himachal Range).

Answer: (D) Assam

Explanation

The Assam Basin is known as the Molasses Basin because it is filled with thick deposits of Tertiary molasse sediments brought down from the rising Himalayas. These sediments are rich in petroleum and natural gas, making Assam an important hydrocarbon-producing region of India.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Assam
• Molasse: Thick deposits of sand, silt, clay, and gravel formed by erosion of newly formed mountains.
• Assam Basin: A major petroliferous (petroleum-bearing) basin of India.
• Major minerals: Petroleum and natural gas.
• Important oilfields: Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran, Rudrasagar.
• Digboi (Assam): Site of Asia’s oldest operating oil refinery.
• Assam is one of India’s leading producers of crude oil and natural gas.

Answer: (D) Andhra Pradesh

Explanation

The question refers to the Coringa Mangrove (often misspelled as “Loringa”). The Coringa Mangrove Forest is located near Kakinada in Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the largest mangrove forests in India and forms part of the Godavari delta.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Andhra Pradesh
• Mangrove: Coringa Mangrove Forest
• Location: Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh
• River Delta: Godavari Delta
• Protected Area: Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary
• Largest mangrove forest in India: Sundarbans (West Bengal)
• Major mangrove regions in India: Sundarbans (West Bengal), Bhitarkanika (Odisha), Coringa (Andhra Pradesh), Pichavaram & Muthupet (Tamil Nadu), Gulf of Kachchh (Gujarat).

Answer: (C) Kansabati

Explanation

The Kumari River is a right-bank tributary of the Kansabati (Kangsabati) River. It originates in the Baghmundi Hills of Purulia district, West Bengal, flows through Purulia and Bankura, and joins the Kansabati River near Ambikanagar (Mukutmanipur region). 

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Kansabati (Kangsabati)
• Origin: Baghmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal.
• Tributary of: Kansabati River.
• Confluence: Near Ambikanagar (Mukutmanipur), Bankura.
• Districts through which it flows: Purulia, Bankura, and Paschim Medinipur. 
• Kansabati Dam (Mukutmanipur Dam): Built across the Kansabati River in Bankura district, one of the largest earthen dams in India.

Answer: (A) Dev Prayag

Explanation

The Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers meet at Devprayag in Uttarakhand. From this confluence onwards, the river is known as the Ganga (Ganges).

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Devprayag
• Devprayag: Confluence of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi; origin point of the Ganga.
• Vishnuprayag: Confluence of Alaknanda and Dhauliganga.
• Nandaprayag: Confluence of Alaknanda and Nandakini.
• Karnaprayag: Confluence of Alaknanda and Pindar.
• Rudraprayag: Confluence of Alaknanda and Mandakini.
• The Panch Prayag (Five Prayags): Vishnuprayag, Nandaprayag, Karnaprayag, Rudraprayag, and Devprayag (from upstream to downstream).

Answer: (B) Alwar

Explanation

The Sariska Tiger Reserve is located in the Alwar district of Rajasthan, within the Aravalli Hills. It was declared a Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger in 1978 and is famous for the successful reintroduction of tigers.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Alwar
• Location: Alwar district, Rajasthan
• Mountain Range: Aravalli Hills
• Declared Tiger Reserve: 1978 (under Project Tiger)
• Declared Wildlife Sanctuary: 1955
• Declared National Park: 1979
• Famous for: Successful tiger relocation/reintroduction programme.
• Other important Tiger Reserves in Rajasthan: Ranthambore, Mukundra Hills, Ramgarh Vishdhari, and Dholpur–Karauli (newly notified).

Answer: (B) Ten Degree Channel

Explanation

The Ten Degree Channel is a sea channel that separates the Andaman Islands from the Nicobar Islands. It is named after its location near 10° North latitude.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Ten Degree Channel
• Separates: Andaman Islands and Nicobar Islands.
• Located near: 10° North Latitude.
• Eight Degree Channel: Separates Minicoy Island from the rest of the Lakshadweep Islands.
• Nine Degree Channel: Separates Minicoy Island from the main Lakshadweep group.
• Six Degree Channel: Separates Great Nicobar Island from Sumatra (Indonesia).
• Indira Point, the southernmost point of India, is located on Great Nicobar Island.

Answer: (A) Yamuna, Chambal and Son

Explanation

The Yamuna and Son are the major right-bank tributaries of the Ganga. Although the Chambal directly joins the Yamuna (and not the Ganga), it is considered part of the Ganga river system through the Yamuna and is therefore included in the correct option.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Yamuna, Chambal and Son
• Major right-bank tributaries of the Ganga: Yamuna, Son, Punpun.
• Chambal is a right-bank tributary of the Yamuna.
• Major left-bank tributaries of the Ganga: Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda.
• Damodar River flows into the Hooghly River, not directly into the Ganga.
• Yamuna is the largest tributary of the Ganga and joins it at Prayagraj (Allahabad).
• Son River originates near Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh and joins the Ganga near Patna in Bihar.

Answer: (D) Cauvery

Explanation

The Mettur Dam, also known as the Stanley Reservoir, is built across the Cauvery (Kaveri) River in Salem district, Tamil Nadu. It is one of the largest and oldest dams in South India, serving irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and drinking water needs.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Cauvery (Kaveri) River
• Location: Salem district, Tamil Nadu
• Reservoir: Stanley Reservoir
• Constructed: 1934
• Purpose: Irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and water supply.
• Krishna Raja Sagar (KRS) Dam is also built on the Cauvery River in Karnataka.
• Origin of the Cauvery River: Talakaveri, Brahmagiri Hills, Karnataka.

Answer: (A) Singhbhum District

Explanation

The Notuburu (Notuburu/Notuburu Hills) iron ore mines are located in the West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. The Singhbhum region is one of the richest iron ore belts in India and supplies high-grade iron ore to major steel plants.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Singhbhum District
• Location: West Singhbhum, Jharkhand
• Mineral: High-grade hematite iron ore
• Major iron ore mines in Singhbhum: Notuburu, Noamundi, Gua, Kiriburu, Meghahatuburu
• Major steel plants supplied: Jamshedpur (Tata Steel), Bokaro, Rourkela, and Durgapur.
• Major iron ore-producing states: Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Jharkhand, and Goa.
• Largest iron ore-producing state in India: Odisha.

Answer: (B) Sivasamudram

Explanation

The Sivasamudram project on the Cauvery River in Karnataka is primarily a hydroelectric power project and is not meant for irrigation. It is one of the oldest hydroelectric power stations in Asia. The other dams are multipurpose projects with irrigation as one of their major objectives.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Sivasamudram
• River: Cauvery (Kaveri)
• Location: Karnataka
• Purpose: Primarily hydroelectric power generation.
• Established: 1902 (one of Asia’s oldest hydroelectric power stations).
• Bhavani Sagar Dam: Built on the Bhavani River, Tamil Nadu – mainly for irrigation.
• Krishnaraja Sagar (KRS) Dam: Built on the Cauvery River, Karnataka – irrigation and hydroelectric power.
• Bhakra Nangal Project: Built on the Sutlej River – irrigation, hydroelectric power, and flood control.

Answer: (C) Nilgiri Hills

Explanation

The Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats meet at the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu. The Nilgiris form an important mountain junction in southern India and are famous for their biodiversity, tea plantations, and hill stations like Ooty (Udhagamandalam).

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Nilgiri Hills
• Meeting point of: Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats.
• Location: Junction of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala.
• Highest peak of Nilgiris: Doddabetta (2,637 m).
• Famous hill station: Ooty (Udhagamandalam).
• Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve: India’s first Biosphere Reserve, established in 1986.
• Highest peak of the Western Ghats: Anamudi (2,695 m), located in the Anamalai Hills, Kerala.

Answer: (D) Chhattisgarh

Explanation

Chhattisgarh is the only significant producer of tin ore (cassiterite) in India and therefore ranks as the highest producer of tin. The major tin deposits are located in Dantewada and Kondagaon districts.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Chhattisgarh
• Ore of Tin: Cassiterite (SnO₂)
• Major tin-producing state: Chhattisgarh
• Important tin mining areas: Dantewada, Kondagaon, Bastar region
• Tin is mainly used for: Soldering, tin plating, alloys (e.g., bronze), and electronics.
• India has limited tin reserves, with Chhattisgarh accounting for almost all domestic production.
• National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) has mining operations in the Bastar region, although it is primarily known for iron ore mining.

Answer: (A) Zaskar and Pir Panjal

Explanation

The Kashmir Valley lies between the Pir Panjal Range in the southwest and the Zaskar (Zanskar) Range in the northeast. It is an intermontane valley drained mainly by the Jhelum River.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Zaskar and Pir Panjal
• Kashmir Valley lies between: Pir Panjal Range and Zaskar (Zanskar) Range.
• Major river flowing through the valley: Jhelum
• Pir Panjal Range: Part of the Lesser Himalayas.
• Zaskar (Zanskar) Range: Part of the Greater Himalayas (Trans-Himalayan region in some classifications).
• Famous pass: Banihal Pass, located in the Pir Panjal Range, connects the Kashmir Valley with the Jammu region.
• Largest valley in the Himalayan region: Kashmir Valley.

Answer: (A) Karakoram

Explanation

The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram Range in the Ladakh region. It is the longest glacier in India and one of the longest glaciers outside the polar regions. The glacier is of great strategic importance as it lies near the Line of Control (LoC) and the Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL).

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Karakoram Range
• Location: Eastern Karakoram Range, Ladakh.
• Length: Approximately 76 km (longest glacier in India).
• Source of River: Nubra River, a tributary of the Shyok River.
• Highest peak in the Karakoram Range: K2 (8,611 m).
• Other important glaciers: Baltoro, Biafo, Hispar (Karakoram).
• Siachen Glacier is known as the highest battlefield in the world.

Answer: (D) Chambal Valley

Explanation

Badland topography is characterized by deep ravines, gullies, and highly dissected terrain formed due to severe soil erosion by running water. In India, this type of topography is best developed in the Chambal Valley across Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Chambal Valley
• Badlands: Deeply eroded landscape with ravines and gullies.
• Main cause: Gully erosion by running water.
• Major location in India: Chambal Valley (Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh).
• River: Chambal, a tributary of the Yamuna.
• The Chambal River is known for its ravine topography and the National Chambal Sanctuary, famous for the Gharial, Gangetic Dolphin, and Indian Skimmer.

Answer: (C) Jindhagada

xplanation

Jindhagada Peak (also known as Arma Konda) is the highest peak of the Eastern Ghats. It is located in the Alluri Sitharama Raju district (formerly Visakhapatnam district) of Andhra Pradesh and has an elevation of about 1,690 m.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Jindhagada (Arma Konda)
• Height: Approximately 1,690 m
• Location: Andhra Pradesh
• Highest peak of the Western Ghats: Anamudi (2,695 m), Kerala.
• Mahendragiri: A prominent peak of the Eastern Ghats located in Odisha, but not the highest.
• Nilgiri Hills: Junction where the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats meet.
• Eastern Ghats are discontinuous, unlike the continuous Western Ghats.

Answer: (C) Siachen

Explanation

The Siachen Glacier is the largest glacier in India and the second-longest glacier outside the polar regions. It is located in the Karakoram Range of the Ladakh region and is of great strategic importance.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Siachen Glacier
• Location: Karakoram Range, Ladakh.
• Length: Approximately 76 km.
• Source of: Nubra River, a tributary of the Shyok River.
• Longest glacier in the Himalayas outside the polar regions: Siachen Glacier.
• Gangotri Glacier: Largest glacier in the Garhwal Himalayas and the source of the Bhagirathi River.
• Pindari Glacier: Located in Uttarakhand, a popular trekking destination.
• Hispar Glacier: Located in Pakistan-administered Karakoram, not in India.

Answer: (B) Devprayag

Explanation

The Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers meet at Devprayag in Uttarakhand. From this confluence, the river is officially known as the Ganga (Ganges).

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Devprayag
• Devprayag: Confluence of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda; origin of the Ganga.
• Rudraprayag: Confluence of Alaknanda and Mandakini.
• Karnaprayag: Confluence of Alaknanda and Pindar.
• Nandaprayag: Confluence of Alaknanda and Nandakini.
• Vishnuprayag: Confluence of Alaknanda and Dhauliganga.
• Prayagraj (Allahabad): Confluence of the Ganga, Yamuna, and the mythical Saraswati (Triveni Sangam).

Answer: (C) Jodhpur

Explanation

Jodhpur, located in the arid region of western Rajasthan, experiences high variability in monsoon rainfall. Rainfall during August is highly irregular because the region lies on the fringe of the South-West Monsoon, making it more susceptible to fluctuations in monsoon activity.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Jodhpur
• Highest rainfall variability in India: Found in arid and semi-arid regions, especially western Rajasthan.
• Lowest rainfall variability: Found along the West Coast and North-Eastern India, where monsoon rainfall is more reliable.
• Jodhpur: Located in the Thar Desert region of Rajasthan.
• Rainfall variability refers to the year-to-year fluctuation in the amount of rainfall received.
• Western Rajasthan frequently experiences droughts due to uncertain and highly variable monsoon rainfall.

Answer: (C) Andhra coast

Explanation

Cyclone Hudhud was a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm that made landfall near Visakhapatnam on the Andhra Pradesh coast on 12 October 2014. It caused extensive damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and communication networks in Andhra Pradesh and parts of Odisha.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Andhra coast
• Landfall: Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
• Date of landfall: 12 October 2014
• Origin: Bay of Bengal
• Category: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm (VSCS)
• States most affected: Andhra Pradesh and Odisha
• Most tropical cyclones affecting India originate in the Bay of Bengal, making the east coast more vulnerable than the west coast.

Answer: (A) Tamil Nadu

Explanation

The Muppandal Wind Farm in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, is the largest wind farm in India and one of the largest onshore wind farms in the world. Tamil Nadu has consistently been a leading state in wind energy generation due to its favourable wind conditions.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Tamil Nadu
• Largest wind farm: Muppandal Wind Farm
• Location: Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu
• Tamil Nadu is one of the leading wind power-producing states in India.
• Other major wind power states: Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh.
• India ranks among the world’s leading producers of wind energy.
• Favourable locations for wind farms: Coastal regions, mountain passes, and areas with high and consistent wind speeds.

Answer: (C) SOI (Survey of India)

Explanation

The Survey of India (SOI) is the national mapping agency of India. It is responsible for preparing and publishing topographical maps, which depict natural and man-made features such as relief, rivers, roads, settlements, forests, and contours.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: SOI (Survey of India)
• SOI Full Form: Survey of India
• Established: 1767
• Headquarters: Dehradun, Uttarakhand
• Functions: Preparation of topographical maps, national surveys, geodetic and cartographic work.
• GSI (Geological Survey of India): Geological mapping and mineral exploration.
• NATMO (National Atlas & Thematic Mapping Organisation): Preparation of thematic maps and atlases.
• ZSI (Zoological Survey of India): Survey and research on India’s faunal diversity.

Answer: (B) Karnataka

Explanation

The Sharavathi Hydroelectric Project is located on the Sharavathi River in Karnataka. It is one of the largest hydroelectric projects in India and includes the Linganamakki Dam. The river is also famous for the Jog Falls, one of the highest waterfalls in India.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Karnataka
• River: Sharavathi River
• Major Dam: Linganamakki Dam
• Famous waterfall: Jog Falls (Gersoppa Falls)
• Location: Shivamogga district, Karnataka
• Sharavathi River originates in the Western Ghats and drains into the Arabian Sea.
• Jog Falls is one of the highest plunge waterfalls in India, with a height of about 253 m.

Answer: (B) Puducherry

Explanation

According to the Census of India 2011, Puducherry had the highest sex ratio among all Union Territories, with 1,037 females per 1,000 males. It is also one of the few regions in India where the number of females exceeds the number of males.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Puducherry
• Sex Ratio of Puducherry (Census 2011): 1,037 females per 1,000 males
• Highest Sex Ratio among States (Census 2011): Kerala – 1,084
• Lowest Sex Ratio among Union Territories (Census 2011): Daman & Diu – 618
• Overall Sex Ratio of India (Census 2011): 943 females per 1,000 males
• Sex Ratio: Number of females per 1,000 males.
• Census in India is conducted every 10 years by the Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.

Answer: (D) Tungabhadra

Explanation

The Kurnool–Kadapa (K.C.) Canal is an important irrigation canal in Andhra Pradesh. It takes off from the Tungabhadra River (through the Sunkesula Anicut) and provides irrigation to the drought-prone districts of Kurnool and Kadapa (Cuddapah).

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Tungabhadra
• Source: Sunkesula Anicut on the Tungabhadra River.
• Location: Andhra Pradesh
• Main purpose: Irrigation of Kurnool and Kadapa districts.
• Tungabhadra River: Formed by the confluence of the Tunga and Bhadra rivers at Koodli (Karnataka).
• Tributary of: Krishna River.
• Major dam on the Tungabhadra: Tungabhadra Dam near Hosapete (Hospet), Karnataka.

Answer: (A) Cuttack

Explanation

The Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) is located at Cuttack, Odisha. Established in 1946, it is India’s premier institute for research on rice production, breeding, crop improvement, pest management, and sustainable rice cultivation. It is now known as the ICAR–National Rice Research Institute (NRRI).

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Cuttack
• Present Name: ICAR – National Rice Research Institute (NRRI)
• Former Name: Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI)
• Location: Cuttack, Odisha
• Established: 1946
• Controlled by: Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
• Largest rice-producing state in India: West Bengal
• Rice is a Kharif crop requiring high temperature and abundant rainfall.

Answer: (D) Pir Panjal – Zaskar – Ladakh – Karakoram

Explanation

From south to north, the mountain ranges in the northwestern Himalayas are arranged as:

Pir Panjal → Zaskar (Zanskar) → Ladakh → Karakoram

As one moves northward from the Kashmir Valley, the Pir Panjal Range is encountered first, followed by the Zaskar Range, then the Ladakh Range, and finally the Karakoram Range, which is the northernmost.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Pir Panjal → Zaskar → Ladakh → Karakoram
• Mnemonic: “PZLK” → Pir Panjal → Zaskar → Ladakh → Karakoram
• Pir Panjal Range: Southernmost range in the northwestern Himalayas; part of the Lesser Himalayas.
• Zaskar (Zanskar) Range: Lies north of the Kashmir Valley; famous for the Zanskar River.
• Ladakh Range: Located between the Zanskar and Karakoram ranges.
• Karakoram Range: Northernmost range; contains K2 (8,611 m) and the Siachen Glacier.
• Kashmir Valley lies between the Pir Panjal Range and the Zaskar Range.

Answer: (A) The Godavari

Explanation

The Godavari River is popularly known as the Dakshina Ganga (Ganges of the South) because it is the longest and largest river of Peninsular India. It originates from Trimbakeshwar near Nashik (Maharashtra) and flows eastward into the Bay of Bengal.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Godavari
• Nickname: Dakshina Ganga (Ganges of the South)
• Length: About 1,465 km (longest river of Peninsular India).
• Origin: Trimbakeshwar, Nashik district, Maharashtra.
• Mouth: Bay of Bengal (forms a large delta with the Krishna River).
• States through which it flows: Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha (with tributaries extending into Madhya Pradesh).
• Major tributaries: Pravara, Purna, Manjira, Penganga, Wardha, Wainganga, Pranhita, Indravati, and Sabari.
• Largest river basin in Peninsular India: Godavari Basin.

Answer: (A) Kolleru Lake

Explanation

Kolleru Lake is a large freshwater lake situated between the deltas of the Godavari and Krishna rivers in Andhra Pradesh. It acts as a natural flood-balancing reservoir for both river systems and is an important habitat for migratory birds.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Kolleru Lake
• Type: Freshwater lake
• Location: Andhra Pradesh
• Situated between: Godavari Delta and Krishna Delta
• Ramsar Site: Declared a Ramsar Wetland in 2002
• Kolleru Wildlife Sanctuary: Famous for migratory birds such as pelicans, painted storks, and openbill storks.
• Pulicat Lake: Second-largest brackish water lagoon in India (Tamil Nadu–Andhra Pradesh).
• Chilika Lake: Largest brackish water lagoon in India (Odisha).
• Loktak Lake: Largest freshwater lake in North-East India, located in Manipur.

Answer: (A) India

Explanation

India is the largest producer of milk in the world. The remarkable growth in milk production is mainly due to Operation Flood (White Revolution), launched under the leadership of Dr. Verghese Kurien, popularly known as the Father of the White Revolution in India.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: India
• India ranks: 1st in global milk production.
• White Revolution: Operation Flood
• Father of White Revolution: Dr. Verghese Kurien
• Implemented by: National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)
• Headquarters of NDDB: Anand, Gujarat
• Famous dairy cooperative: Amul (Anand Milk Union Limited), Gujarat.
• Largest milk-producing state in India: Uttar Pradesh

Answer: (C) Andhra Pradesh

Explanation

The Somasila Dam is built across the Penna (Pennar) River in the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the largest irrigation projects in the state and supplies water for irrigation and drinking purposes.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Andhra Pradesh
• River: Penna (Pennar) River
• Location: Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh
• Purpose: Irrigation, drinking water supply, and flood control.
• Somasila Project: A major component of the Telugu Ganga Project.
• Origin of the Penna River: Nandi Hills, Karnataka.
• Mouth of the Penna River: Bay of Bengal near Nellore.

Answer: (A) North Koel River

Explanation

The North Koel River originates from the Ranchi Plateau in Jharkhand. It flows through the Palamu Tiger Reserve, including the northern part of Betla National Park, and finally joins the Son River in Bihar. It is one of the important tributaries of the Ganga river system.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: North Koel River
• Origin: Ranchi Plateau, Jharkhand.
• Tributary of: Son River.
• River System: Ganga Basin.
• Passes through: Betla National Park and Palamu Tiger Reserve.
• North Koel Project (Mandal Dam): Located on the North Koel River in Jharkhand.
• Son River: Originates from Amarkantak Plateau (Madhya Pradesh) and joins the Ganga near Patna, Bihar.

Answer: (C) Satluj

Explanation

The Bikaner Canal, also known as the Gang Canal, is taken off from the Satluj River at the Harike Barrage in Punjab. It is one of the oldest and most important irrigation canals supplying water to the arid regions of north-western Rajasthan, particularly Sri Ganganagar and Bikaner.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Satluj
• River: Satluj (Sutlej)
• Off-take point: Harike Barrage, Punjab.
• Main purpose: Irrigation of the Thar Desert region of Rajasthan.
• Beneficiary districts: Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, and Bikaner.
• Satluj River: Originates from Lake Rakshastal near Mount Kailash (Tibet) and is the easternmost river of the Indus system.
• Other important canals in Rajasthan:
  • Indira Gandhi Canal: Drawn from the Satluj–Beas waters at Harike Barrage; India’s longest canal.
  • Gang Canal (Bikaner Canal): One of the earliest canals that transformed the desert region of north-western Rajasthan.

Answer: (C) Jammu and Kashmir

Explanation

The Kiru Hydroelectric Power Project is located on the Chenab River in the Kishtwar district of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a 624 MW run-of-the-river hydroelectric project being developed by Chenab Valley Power Projects Pvt. Ltd. (CVPPPL).

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Jammu and Kashmir
• River: Chenab River
• Location: Kishtwar district, Jammu and Kashmir
• Installed Capacity: 624 MW
• Type: Run-of-the-river Hydroelectric Project
• Developed by: Chenab Valley Power Projects Pvt. Ltd. (CVPPPL)
• Other important hydroelectric projects on the Chenab River: Salal, Dulhasti, Baglihar, Ratle, and Pakal Dul.
• Chenab River: Formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi (Himachal Pradesh) and is a major tributary of the Indus River.

Remember the important Chenab River projects:

• Salal – Jammu & Kashmir
• Dulhasti – Jammu & Kashmir
• Baglihar – Jammu & Kashmir
• Kiru – Jammu & Kashmir
• Ratle – Jammu & Kashmir
• Pakal Dul – Jammu & Kashmir

Answer: (B) Alang

Explanation

Alang, located in the Bhavnagar district of Gujarat, is famous for having the largest ship-breaking yard in the world. Old and decommissioned ships from across the globe are dismantled here for recycling of steel and other materials.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Alang
• Location: Bhavnagar district, Gujarat
• Famous for: World’s largest ship-breaking yard
• Established: 1983
• Located on: Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay), Arabian Sea.
• Main activity: Dismantling and recycling of old ships.
• Major Port in Gujarat: Deendayal Port (formerly Kandla Port).
• Largest port in India (by cargo handled): Deendayal Port (Kandla), Gujarat.
• Exam Tip: Do not confuse:
• Okha → Port town in Devbhoomi Dwarka
• Veraval → Major fishing harbour in Gujarat

Answer: (A) Sikkim – Bhutan

Explanation

The Chumbi Valley is a narrow, wedge-shaped valley in the Tibet Autonomous Region (China). It lies between Sikkim (India) to the west and Bhutan to the east. Because of its strategic location near the India–Bhutan–China tri-junction, it is geopolitically very significant.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Sikkim – Bhutan
• Location: Tibet Autonomous Region, China
• Lies between: Sikkim (India) and Bhutan
• Strategic importance: Near the India–Bhutan–China tri-junction.
• Nearby plateau: Doklam Plateau, the site of the 2017 India–China Doklam standoff.
• Nearby pass: Nathu La Pass connects Sikkim with the Chumbi Valley in Tibet.
• Important passes of Sikkim: Nathu La and Jelep La.

Answer: (A) False

Explanation

The statement is False because the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) was not established for the first time in 2006.

• It was originally established as the National Centre for Disaster Management (NCDM) in 1995.
• It was re-designated as the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) in 2003.
• It was given statutory status under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, and was formally constituted under the Act in October 2006. 

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: False
• Original name (1995): National Centre for Disaster Management (NCDM)
• Renamed as NIDM: 2003
• Statutory status under: Disaster Management Act, 2005
• Constituted under the Act: 30 October 2006.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
• Headquarters: New Delhi
• Main functions: Training, research, capacity building, documentation, and policy support in disaster management.

Answer: (B) Andhra Pradesh

Explanation

Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of tobacco in India, especially Flue-Cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco, which is widely used for cigarette manufacturing and export. The fertile black soils and suitable climatic conditions of the state favour tobacco cultivation.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Andhra Pradesh
• Largest tobacco-producing state: Andhra Pradesh
• Major type grown: Flue-Cured Virginia (FCV) Tobacco
• Other major tobacco-producing states: Gujarat, Karnataka, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.
• India’s global rank: Second-largest producer of tobacco after China.
• Major tobacco research institute: ICAR – Central Tobacco Research Institute (CTRI), Rajahmundry (Rajamahendravaram), Andhra Pradesh.
• Main uses: Cigarettes, bidis, chewing tobacco, cigars, and export.

Answer: (B) Pune

Explanation

The Mula and Mutha rivers originate in the Western Ghats and meet in Pune, forming the Mula–Mutha River. The river flows through the city of Pune before joining the Bhima River, which is a major tributary of the Krishna River.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Pune
• River: Mula–Mutha River
• State: Maharashtra
• Tributary of: Bhima River
• River System: Krishna River Basin
• Bhima River originates near Bhimashankar Hills in Maharashtra and joins the Krishna River in Karnataka.
• Pune is often referred to as the “Oxford of the East” due to its numerous educational institutions.

Answer: (C) 2011

Explanation

The last completed Population Census of India was conducted in 2011, which was the 15th Census since 1872 and the 7th Census after Independence. Although the next Census was scheduled for 2021, it has not yet been conducted.

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: 2011
• Last completed Census: Census 2011
• First Census in India: 1872 (non-synchronous, under Lord Mayo)
• First synchronous Census: 1881 (under W. C. Plowden)
• Census after Independence: 1951 (first after Independence)
• Census frequency: Every 10 years (Decennial Census)
• Conducted by: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, under the Ministry of Home Affairs
• Population of India (Census 2011): 121.09 crore (1.21 billion)
• Population density (2011): 382 persons per sq. km
• Sex ratio (2011): 943 females per 1,000 males
• Literacy rate (2011): 74.04%

Answer: (B) Thanjavur

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Thanjavur
• Nickname: Granary (Rice Bowl) of South India
• State: Tamil Nadu
• River: Cauvery (Kaveri)
• Main crop: Rice (Paddy)
• Reason: Fertile Cauvery Delta and an extensive irrigation network.
• Cauvery Delta is one of the most fertile delta regions in India.

Exam Tip: Important “Granaries” and “Rice Bowls” in India:

• Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu) → Granary/Rice Bowl of South India
• Punjab → Granary of India
• Krishna–Godavari Delta (Andhra Pradesh) → Rice Bowl of Andhra Pradesh
• Bardhaman (West Bengal) → Often called the Rice Bowl of West Bengal.

Answer: (C) Surat

Explanation

The Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS) is located at Kakrapar in the Surat district of Gujarat. It is situated on the banks of the Tapti (Tapi) River and is operated by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL).

Exam Facts

• Correct Answer: Surat
• Location: Kakrapar, Surat district, Gujarat
• River: Tapti (Tapi) River
• Operated by: Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)
• Type of reactor: Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)
• Kakrapar-3: India’s first indigenously developed 700 MW PHWR to commence commercial operation.

Exam Tip: Important Nuclear Power Plants in India:

• Kakrapar → Gujarat (near Surat) – Tapti River
• Tarapur → Maharashtra
• Rawatbhata → Rajasthan (near Kota) – Chambal River
• Narora → Uttar Pradesh – Ganga River
• Kaiga → Karnataka
• Kalpakkam (MAPS) → Tamil Nadu
• Kudankulam → Tamil Nadu