PSC Miscellaneous Prelims Polity Economy Questions 2023
20. Who was the Prime Minister of India when the ‘Look East Policy’ was formulated?
(A) I. K. Gujral
(B) H. D. Deve Gowda
(C) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(D) P. V. Narasimha Rao
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) P. V. Narasimha Rao
Explanation
The Look East Policy was formulated and launched in 1991–92 during the tenure of Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao. The policy aimed to strengthen India’s economic, strategic, and diplomatic relations with Southeast Asian countries, particularly the ASEAN nations, following India’s economic liberalization.
Exam Facts
- The Look East Policy was launched in 1991–92 under Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao.
- Its primary objective was to enhance economic, political, cultural, and strategic cooperation with ASEAN and East Asian countries.
- In 2014, the Look East Policy was upgraded to the Act East Policy under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, with greater emphasis on strategic and connectivity initiatives.
- ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, and currently has 10 member countries.
- India became a Sectoral Dialogue Partner of ASEAN in 1992, a Full Dialogue Partner in 1995, and has participated in the East Asia Summit since 2005.
29. The first President of India who died while in office was
(A) V. V. Giri
(B) Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
(C) Zakir Hussain
(D) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Zakir Hussain
Explanation
Dr. Zakir Hussain was the first President of India to die while in office. He passed away on 3 May 1969 during his tenure as the third President of India. Following his death, Vice-President V. V. Giri became the Acting President as per the Constitution.
Exam Facts
- Dr. Zakir Hussain was the 3rd President of India (1967–1969).
- He died in office on 3 May 1969, becoming the first Indian President to do so.
- V. V. Giri, the Vice-President, served as the Acting President after Dr. Zakir Hussain’s death.
- Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed was the second President to die while in office (11 February 1977).
- Dr. Zakir Hussain was also the first Muslim President of India and a co-founder of Jamia Millia Islamia.
47. Who among the following was the longest-serving Prime Minister of India?
(A) Indira Gandhi
(B) Rajiv Gandhi
(C) Jawaharlal Nehru
(D) Manmohan Singh
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Jawaharlal Nehru
Explanation
Jawaharlal Nehru was the longest-serving Prime Minister of India, holding office from 15 August 1947 to 27 May 1964, a period of nearly 16 years and 9 months. He was also the first Prime Minister of independent India and played a pivotal role in shaping the country’s democratic institutions, foreign policy, and economic planning.
Exam Facts
- Jawaharlal Nehru served as the first Prime Minister of India from 15 August 1947 to 27 May 1964, making him the longest-serving Prime Minister.
- Indira Gandhi was the second-longest-serving Prime Minister, serving for a total of over 15 years (1966–1977 and 1980–1984).
- Manmohan Singh served as Prime Minister for 10 years (2004–2014), making him the third-longest-serving PM.
- Rajiv Gandhi served as Prime Minister from 1984 to 1989, becoming the youngest Prime Minister of India at the age of 40.
- Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Chairman of the Planning Commission, and his birthday (14 November) is celebrated as Children’s Day in India.
68. Who was the first woman Chief Minister of India?
(A) Pratibha Patil
(B) Padmaja Naidu
(C) Sucheta Kripalani
(D) Amrit Kaur
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Sucheta Kripalani
Explanation
Sucheta Kripalani became the first woman Chief Minister of India when she assumed office as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh on 2 October 1963. She served until 13 March 1967 and was a prominent freedom fighter who actively participated in the Quit India Movement.
Exam Facts
- Sucheta Kripalani was the first woman Chief Minister of India and served as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1963–1967).
- She was one of the few women members of the Constituent Assembly of India.
- During the Quit India Movement (1942), she worked underground and played an active role in the freedom struggle.
- Pratibha Patil became the first woman President of India in 2007.
- Rajkumari Amrit Kaur was independent India’s first Health Minister and a key architect of India’s public health system, while Padmaja Naidu served as the Governor of West Bengal (1956–1967) and was the daughter of Sarojini Naidu.
10. Which was the first bank in India to introduce Talking ATMs for visually impaired persons?
(A) SBI
(B) PNB
(C) Union Bank of India
(D) ICICI
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Union Bank of India
Explanation
Union Bank of India became the first bank in India to introduce Talking ATMs for visually impaired persons. The country’s first accessible Talking ATM was inaugurated on 6 June 2012 in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. These ATMs provide audio guidance through headphones and are also designed to be accessible for wheelchair users.
Exam Facts
- Union Bank of India introduced India’s first Talking ATM on 6 June 2012 in Ahmedabad.
- Talking ATMs provide voice instructions through headphones, enabling visually impaired persons to perform banking transactions independently.
- These ATMs are equipped with Braille-enabled keypads and are designed to be wheelchair accessible.
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) later advised banks to install Talking ATMs with Braille keypads to promote inclusive banking.
- Union Bank of India, established in 1919, is one of India’s leading public sector banks and is recognized for pioneering accessible banking initiatives.
27. India’s first paper mill was established at
(A) Calcutta
(B) Serampore
(C) Naihati
(D) Asansol
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) Serampore
Explanation
India’s first paper mill was established at Serampore (Srirampur) in present-day Hooghly district, West Bengal, in 1812. Although the mill was not commercially successful, it marked the beginning of the modern paper industry in India.
Exam Facts
- India’s first paper mill was established at Serampore, West Bengal, in 1812.
- The first successful paper mill in India was established at Bally (Howrah, West Bengal) in 1870 as the Bally Paper Mill.
- West Bengal played a pioneering role in the development of India’s paper, jute, and engineering industries.
- Titagarh Paper Mills, established in 1882 near Kolkata, became one of India’s oldest major paper manufacturing companies.
- The paper industry mainly depends on bamboo, wood pulp, bagasse, waste paper, and straw as raw materials.
84. Which was the first Indian bank to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)?
(A) SBI
(B) ICICI Bank
(C) Deutsche Bank
(D) HDFC Bank
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) ICICI Bank
Explanation
ICICI Bank became the first Indian bank to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). It was listed in 2000 through American Depositary Shares (ADSs), marking a significant milestone in the globalization of the Indian banking sector.
Exam Facts
- ICICI Bank was the first Indian bank to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 2000.
- The listing was done through American Depositary Shares (ADSs), enabling international investors to trade the bank’s shares.
- ICICI Bank was incorporated in 1994 and is one of India’s leading private sector banks.
- State Bank of India (SBI) is the largest public sector bank in India and was established in 1955.
- Deutsche Bank is a German multinational bank, not an Indian bank, while HDFC Bank is a major private sector bank but was not the first Indian bank to be listed on the NYSE.
PSC Miscellaneous Prelims Polity Economy Questions 2019
2. What type of citizenship is granted under the Constitution of India?
(A) Single citizenship
(B) Dual citizenship
(C) Double citizenship for the province and the state
(D) Multiple citizenship
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) Single citizenship
Explanation
The Constitution of India provides for Single Citizenship, meaning every person is a citizen of India only, irrespective of the state in which they reside. Unlike countries such as the United States, where citizens have both national and state citizenship, India follows the principle of single citizenship to promote national unity and integrity.
Exam Facts
- The Constitution of India provides for Single Citizenship for all Indian citizens.
- Articles 5 to 11 (Part II) of the Constitution deal with Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.
- The Citizenship Act, 1955 governs the acquisition, termination, and regulation of Indian citizenship.
- India does not provide dual citizenship, though Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) is not equivalent to dual citizenship.
- The concept of Single Citizenship in India was borrowed from the British Constitution, while the idea of a federal system was influenced by countries like Canada.
9. Which of the following no longer remains a Fundamental Right under the Indian Constitution?
(A) Right to Education
(B) Right to Religious Freedom
(C) Right to Equality
(D) Right to Property
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) Right to Property
Explanation
The Right to Property was originally a Fundamental Right under Articles 19(1)(f) and 31 of the Constitution. However, it was removed as a Fundamental Right by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978 and was made a legal (constitutional) right under Article 300A.
Exam Facts
- The 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978 removed the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights.
- Article 300A provides that “No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.”
- Right to Education became a Fundamental Right under Article 21A through the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002, effective from 1 April 2010.
- Right to Equality is guaranteed under Articles 14–18, while Right to Freedom of Religion is guaranteed under Articles 25–28.
- At present, the Indian Constitution guarantees six Fundamental Rights, after the Right to Property ceased to be a Fundamental Right.
14. According to the Constitution of India, who is the ultimate sovereign?
(A) All elected representatives of the Legislative Assembly
(B) Prime Minister of India
(C) President of India
(D) All citizens of India
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) All citizens of India
Explanation
According to the Constitution of India, sovereignty rests with the people of India. The Preamble begins with the words “We, the People of India”, indicating that the ultimate source of all constitutional authority and sovereignty is the citizens of India, who exercise it through their elected representatives.
Exam Facts
- The Preamble starts with “We, the People of India”, signifying that the people are the ultimate sovereign.
- India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic as stated in the Preamble.
- The words “Socialist,” “Secular,” and “Integrity” were added to the Preamble by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976.
- The President of India is the constitutional head of the State, while the Prime Minister is the real executive head of the Government.
- The Preamble derives its authority from the people of India and was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950.
18. Which Article of the Indian Constitution deals with the ‘Abolition of Untouchability’?
(A) Article 17
(B) Article 18
(C) Article 19
(D) Article 20
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) Article 17
Explanation
Article 17 of the Constitution of India abolishes untouchability and prohibits its practice in any form. Any disability arising out of untouchability is declared an offence punishable by law. To enforce this provision, Parliament enacted the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 (originally the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955).
Exam Facts
- Article 17 abolishes untouchability and declares its practice punishable by law.
- The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 was enacted to implement Article 17 (originally called the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955).
- Article 18 abolishes titles (except military and academic distinctions).
- Article 19 guarantees six Fundamental Freedoms, including freedom of speech and expression.
- Article 20 provides protection in respect of conviction for offences, including protection against ex post facto laws, double jeopardy, and self-incrimination.
30. What does Article 23 of the Indian Constitution proclaim?
(A) Prohibition of religious imposition
(B) Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour
(C) Prohibition of killing forest animals
(D) None of the above
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour
Explanation
Article 23 of the Constitution of India prohibits traffic in human beings, begar (forced labour), and other similar forms of forced labour. Any violation of this provision is an offence punishable by law. The Article protects both citizens and non-citizens from exploitation.
Exam Facts
- Article 23 prohibits human trafficking, begar, and forced labour.
- It is a part of the Right against Exploitation (Articles 23–24) under the Fundamental Rights.
- Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below 14 years in factories, mines, and hazardous occupations.
- Article 23 applies to both citizens and non-citizens, unlike some Fundamental Rights that are available only to citizens.
- To combat human trafficking, Parliament enacted laws such as the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956, while bonded labour is abolished under the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976.
69. Under which Prime Minister, and in which year, was the voting age reduced from 21 years to 18 years?
(A) Indira Gandhi, 1981
(B) Rajiv Gandhi, 1989
(C) P. V. Narasimha Rao, 1992
(D) Atal Bihari Vajpayee, 1998
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) Rajiv Gandhi, 1989
Explanation
The voting age in India was reduced from 21 years to 18 years by the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988, which came into effect on 28 March 1989 during the tenure of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. The amendment modified Article 326 of the Constitution to increase youth participation in the democratic process.
Exam Facts
- The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988 reduced the minimum voting age from 21 years to 18 years.
- The amendment came into force on 28 March 1989 during the tenure of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.
- Article 326 of the Constitution provides for elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies on the basis of adult suffrage.
- The Election Commission of India was established on 25 January 1950, and National Voters’ Day is celebrated every year on 25 January.
- Universal Adult Suffrage was adopted by the Constitution from the very beginning, allowing every eligible citizen to vote irrespective of religion, caste, gender, race, or wealth.
PSC Miscellaneous Prelims Polity Economy Questions 2018
26. The term ‘Secular’ was incorporated into the Preamble of the Constitution of India by the
(A) 42nd Amendment
(B) 44th Amendment
(C) 1st Amendment
(D) 23rd Amendment
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) 42nd Amendment
Explanation
The words “Socialist”, “Secular”, and “Integrity” were inserted into the Preamble of the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, during the period of the Emergency (1975–77). Before this amendment, the Preamble described India as a “Sovereign Democratic Republic.” After the amendment, it became “Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic.”
Exam Facts
- The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 added the words “Socialist,” “Secular,” and “Integrity” to the Preamble.
- The Preamble was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950.
- The 42nd Amendment is popularly known as the “Mini Constitution” because it introduced extensive changes to the Constitution.
- The 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978 restored several democratic provisions that had been curtailed during the Emergency, including making the Right to Property a legal right instead of a Fundamental Right.
- In the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) case, the Supreme Court held that the Preamble is part of the Constitution and that its Basic Structure cannot be altered by Parliament.
27. The concept of social justice is an integral part of the
(A) Fundamental Duties under the Constitution
(B) Preamble to the Constitution
(C) Article 12 of the Constitution
(D) Right to Religion under the Constitution
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) Preamble to the Constitution
Explanation
The concept of Social Justice is enshrined in the Preamble to the Constitution of India, which resolves to secure Justice—social, economic, and political to all citizens. Social justice aims to eliminate inequality, discrimination, and exploitation, ensuring equal opportunities for every individual.
Exam Facts
- The Preamble secures Justice—Social, Economic, and Political for all citizens.
- The Preamble was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950.
- The ideals of Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble were inspired by the French Revolution.
- Article 12 defines the term “State” for the purpose of enforcing Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution.
- The Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV, Articles 36–51) further promote the objective of social justice by directing the State to establish a welfare state.
28. The “Basic Structure” doctrine was laid down by the Supreme Court in the
(A) Ajay Hasia Case
(B) R. D. Shetty Case
(C) Kesavananda Bharati Case
(D) Valsamma Case
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Kesavananda Bharati Case
Explanation
The Basic Structure Doctrine was propounded by the Supreme Court of India in the landmark Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) case. The Court held that while Parliament has wide powers to amend the Constitution under Article 368, it cannot alter or destroy the Basic Structure of the Constitution.
Exam Facts
- The Basic Structure Doctrine was laid down in the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) case.
- The judgment was delivered by the largest Constitutional Bench of 13 judges in the history of the Supreme Court.
- Article 368 empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution, but such amendments cannot damage its Basic Structure.
- Elements of the Basic Structure include Supremacy of the Constitution, Rule of Law, Judicial Review, Federalism, Secularism, Separation of Powers, Democracy, and Free & Fair Elections.
- Other important constitutional cases include Golak Nath v. State of Punjab (1967) (Fundamental Rights and amendment power), Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980) (limited amending power), and S. R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) (Secularism as part of the Basic Structure).
29. The “Right to Know” is protected under the Constitution of India through
(A) Article 14
(B) Article 19(1)(c)
(C) Article 20(1)
(D) Article 19(1)(a)
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) Article 19(1)(a)
Explanation
The Right to Know is considered an integral part of the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India. The Supreme Court has held that citizens have the right to receive information on matters of public importance, as an informed citizenry is essential for a healthy democracy. This constitutional principle also forms the basis of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.
Exam Facts
- Article 19(1)(a) guarantees the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression, from which the Right to Know is derived.
- The Right to Information Act, 2005 gives statutory recognition to citizens’ right to access information held by public authorities.
- Article 14 guarantees the Right to Equality before the law and equal protection of the laws.
- Article 19(1)(c) guarantees the Right to form associations, unions, or cooperative societies.
- Article 20(1) provides protection against ex post facto criminal laws, ensuring that no person is convicted for an act that was not an offence when committed.
30. Special provisions for “Women and Children” are provided under
(A) Article 15(3)
(B) Article 14(1)
(C) Article 22(8)
(D) Article 15(1)
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) Article 15(3)
Explanation
Article 15(3) of the Constitution empowers the State to make special provisions for women and children. It is an exception to the general principle of equality and enables the government to adopt protective discrimination (affirmative action) for their welfare and advancement.
Exam Facts
- Article 15(3) empowers the State to make special provisions for women and children.
- Article 15(1) prohibits discrimination by the State on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
- Article 14 guarantees Equality before the Law and Equal Protection of the Laws to all persons.
- Article 15 is part of the Right to Equality (Articles 14–18) under Part III of the Constitution.
- Other important clauses of Article 15 include:
- Article 15(4): Special provisions for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs), SCs, and STs.
- Article 15(5): Reservation in educational institutions for SEBCs, SCs, and STs (except minority educational institutions).
- Article 15(6): Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), introduced by the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019.
31. The President of India is elected by the
(A) Electoral College
(B) Members of the Lok Sabha only
(C) Members of the State Legislative Assemblies only
(D) None of the above
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) Electoral College
Explanation
The President of India is elected indirectly by an Electoral College as provided under Article 54 of the Constitution. The Electoral College consists of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States and the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry.
Exam Facts
- Article 54 provides for the election of the President by an Electoral College.
- The Electoral College consists of:
- Elected members of the Lok Sabha.
- Elected members of the Rajya Sabha.
- Elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies.
- Elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of Delhi and Puducherry.
- Nominated members of Parliament or State Legislatures do not participate in the Presidential election.
- The election is conducted according to the system of Proportional Representation by means of the Single Transferable Vote (STV) and secret ballot.
- The President’s term is 5 years (Article 56) and the minimum age to contest the election is 35 years (Article 58).
39. GST was introduced in India through the
(A) 100th Constitutional Amendment
(B) 105th Constitutional Amendment
(C) 99th Constitutional Amendment
(D) 101st Constitutional Amendment
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) 101st Constitutional Amendment
Explanation
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced through the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016. It came into effect on 1 July 2017, replacing multiple indirect taxes levied by the Centre and the States with a unified tax system under the principle of “One Nation, One Tax.”
Exam Facts
- The 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016 provided the constitutional framework for the introduction of GST.
- GST was implemented across India on 1 July 2017.
- Article 279A provides for the establishment of the GST Council, chaired by the Union Finance Minister.
- GST is a destination-based indirect tax, levied on the consumption of goods and services.
- The major components of GST are CGST (Central GST), SGST (State GST), IGST (Integrated GST), and UTGST (Union Territory GST).
40. The Anti-Defection Law is contained in the
(A) Tenth Schedule
(B) Ninth Schedule
(C) Eighth Schedule
(D) Seventh Schedule
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) Tenth Schedule
Explanation
The Anti-Defection Law is contained in the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution of India. It was added by the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1985 during the tenure of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi to curb political defections by elected representatives.
Exam Facts
- The Tenth Schedule contains the Anti-Defection Law, inserted by the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1985.
- A member can be disqualified if they voluntarily give up the membership of their political party or vote/abstain against the party whip without prior permission.
- The Presiding Officer (Speaker of the Legislative Assembly or Chairman of the Rajya Sabha/Legislative Council) decides questions relating to disqualification under the Tenth Schedule.
- The 91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003 removed the provision allowing one-third of members to split from a party and retained only the provision relating to merger (requiring at least two-thirds of the members).
- Other important Schedules:
- Seventh Schedule – Union, State, and Concurrent Lists.
- Eighth Schedule – Recognized Languages (22 languages).
- Ninth Schedule – Laws protected from judicial review (subject to the Basic Structure Doctrine after the I.R. Coelho Case, 2007).
PSC Miscellaneous Prelims Polity Economy Questions 2012 S-II
7. The petroleum price in India was completely deregulated according to the recommendations of which committee?
(A) Kirit Parikh Committee
(B) Y. K. Alagh Committee
(C) Satish Chandra Committee
(D) Rakesh Mohan Committee
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) Kirit Parikh Committee
Explanation
The Kirit Parikh Committee (Expert Group on a Viable and Sustainable System of Pricing of Petroleum Products) recommended the deregulation of petroleum prices in India. Based on its recommendations, the Government moved towards market-determined pricing of petroleum products, beginning with petrol in 2010 and later extending to diesel in 2014.
Exam Facts
- The Kirit Parikh Committee was constituted in 2009 under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas to recommend a viable and sustainable pricing system for petroleum products.
- The Committee recommended that petrol and diesel prices should be market-determined at both the refinery gate and the retail level.
- Based on these recommendations, petrol prices were deregulated on 26 June 2010.
- Diesel prices were fully deregulated on 18 October 2014, allowing oil marketing companies to revise prices in line with market conditions.
- Y. K. Alagh, Satish Chandra, and Rakesh Mohan headed committees on other economic and administrative matters, not on petroleum price deregulation.
11. Which country is the largest importer of Gold?
(A) USA
(B) France
(C) Germany
(D) India
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) India
Explanation
India has traditionally been regarded as the largest importer of gold in the world due to its high demand for jewellery, investment, and cultural purposes. Although rankings may vary in some recent years depending on import values and annual demand, WBCS and other competitive examinations conventionally accept India as the correct answer.
Exam Facts
- India is one of the largest importers and consumers of gold in the world due to strong demand for jewellery and investment.
- India imports most of its gold because domestic production is very limited.
- Switzerland is the largest exporter of gold to India, followed by countries such as the UAE in recent years.
- Gold imports constitute an important component of India’s import bill and significantly influence the Current Account Deficit (CAD).
- India is also one of the world’s largest consumers of gold, with demand driven by festivals, weddings, and investment.
61. Which Parliamentary Committee considers matters of procedure and conduct of business?
(A) Rules Committee
(B) Business Advisory Committee
(C) Ad Hoc Committees
(D) Financial Committees
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) Rules Committee
Explanation
The Rules Committee is responsible for considering matters relating to the procedure and conduct of business in Parliament. It recommends amendments or changes to the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the respective House (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha).
Exam Facts
- The Rules Committee considers matters of procedure and conduct of business and recommends amendments to the Rules of Procedure.
- In the Lok Sabha, the Speaker is the ex-officio Chairperson of the Rules Committee.
- The Business Advisory Committee recommends the time allocation and scheduling of government business in the House.
- Financial Committees include the Public Accounts Committee (PAC), Estimates Committee, and Committee on Public Undertakings (COPU), which oversee government finances and public expenditure.
- Parliamentary Committees are broadly classified into Standing Committees (permanent) and Ad Hoc Committees (constituted for a specific purpose and dissolved after completing their task).
65. The Supreme Court consists of
(A) One Chief Justice and 18 other Judges
(B) One Chief Justice and 25 other Judges
(C) One Chief Justice and 26 other Judges
(D) One Chief Justice and 30 other Judges
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) One Chief Justice and 26 other Judges
Explanation
At the time this WBCS question was asked, the sanctioned strength of the Supreme Court of India was one Chief Justice of India (CJI) and 26 other Judges, as provided under the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act. The sanctioned strength has been increased several times over the years; therefore, this answer is correct in the historical context of the examination.
Exam Facts
- Article 124 of the Constitution provides for the establishment and composition of the Supreme Court of India.
- The Supreme Court was inaugurated on 28 January 1950 and is located in New Delhi.
- The original strength of the Supreme Court in 1950 was 1 Chief Justice and 7 other Judges.
- The sanctioned strength has been increased several times through amendments to the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act.
- Current Affairs Note: At present, the Supreme Court has a sanctioned strength of 1 Chief Justice of India and 33 other Judges (34 in total).
69. Article 309 empowers Parliament and State Legislatures
(A) To regulate the recruitment and conditions of service of the public services of the Union and the States respectively
(B) To deal with the powers and duties of the Comptroller and Auditor General
(C) To deal with the Indian Foreign Service
(D) To regulate Income Tax Officers (Class I) Service
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) To regulate the recruitment and conditions of service of the public services of the Union and the States respectively
Explanation
Article 309 of the Constitution empowers Parliament and the State Legislatures to regulate the recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to the public services and posts under the Union and the States. Until such laws are enacted, the President (for Union services) and the Governor (for State services) may make rules regulating recruitment and service conditions.
Exam Facts
- Article 309 deals with the recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union and State Governments.
- Until Parliament or the State Legislature makes a law, the President (Union) and the Governor (State) can make service rules under Article 309.
- Article 310 embodies the Doctrine of Pleasure, under which civil servants hold office during the pleasure of the President or Governor, subject to constitutional safeguards.
- Article 311 provides protection to civil servants against arbitrary dismissal, removal, or reduction in rank.
- Articles 308–323 of the Constitution deal with Services under the Union and the States, including Public Service Commissions (Articles 315–323).
73. When can Ordinances be issued by the President?
(A) When Parliament is not in session
(B) During Emergency
(C) When Parliament is in session
(D) None of the above
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) When Parliament is not in session
Explanation
Under Article 123 of the Constitution, the President of India can promulgate an Ordinance only when either House of Parliament is not in session and immediate action is necessary. An Ordinance has the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament, but it is a temporary law and must be approved by Parliament after it reassembles.
Exam Facts
- Article 123 empowers the President to promulgate Ordinances when Parliament is not in session.
- An Ordinance has the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament, but it is temporary.
- An Ordinance must be approved by Parliament within six weeks from the date of its reassembly; otherwise, it ceases to operate.
- The Governor has a similar power to promulgate Ordinances for a State under Article 213 when the State Legislature is not in session.
- The President issues an Ordinance on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister, not in his/her personal discretion.
77. Article 14 of the Constitution of India ensures
(A) Equality before the law and equal protection of the laws
(B) Right to Freedom
(C) Right to Religion
(D) Right to Constitutional Remedies
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) Equality before the law and equal protection of the laws
Explanation
Article 14 of the Constitution guarantees Equality before the Law and Equal Protection of the Laws to all persons within the territory of India. It forms the foundation of the Right to Equality (Articles 14–18) and ensures that the State does not discriminate arbitrarily while allowing reasonable classification.
Exam Facts
- Article 14 guarantees Equality before the Law and Equal Protection of the Laws to all persons, including citizens and foreigners.
- “Equality before the Law” is a concept borrowed from the British Constitution, while “Equal Protection of the Laws” is borrowed from the U.S. Constitution.
- Articles 14–18 together constitute the Right to Equality under Part III of the Constitution.
- Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, while Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity in public employment.
- The doctrine of reasonable classification is permitted under Article 14, but class legislation is prohibited, ensuring fairness and non-arbitrariness in State action.
81. Right to Freedom is guaranteed under Article
(A) 23
(B) 25
(C) 18
(D) 19
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) 19
Explanation
Article 19 of the Constitution of India guarantees the Right to Freedom to all citizens of India. It provides six fundamental freedoms that are essential for the functioning of a democratic society. These freedoms are subject to reasonable restrictions imposed by the State in the interests of sovereignty, security, public order, morality, etc.
Exam Facts
- Article 19 guarantees six Fundamental Freedoms to citizens of India.
- The six freedoms are:
- Freedom of speech and expression.
- Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms.
- Freedom to form associations, unions, or cooperative societies.
- Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India.
- Freedom to reside and settle in any part of India.
- Freedom to practise any profession or carry on any occupation, trade, or business.
- Article 23 prohibits human trafficking and forced labour and forms part of the Right against Exploitation.
- Article 25 guarantees the Freedom of Religion, while Article 18 abolishes titles.
- The 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978 removed the Right to acquire, hold, and dispose of property from Article 19, making the Right to Property a legal right under Article 300A.
PSC Miscellaneous Prelims Polity Economy Questions 2012 S-I
5. The words ‘Secular’ and ‘Socialist’ were added to the Preamble by the
(A) 45th Amendment, 1980
(B) 42nd Amendment, 1976
(C) 44th Amendment, 1978
(D) 43rd Amendment, 1977
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) 42nd Amendment, 1976
Explanation
The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, enacted during the Emergency (1975–77), added the words “Socialist”, “Secular”, and “Integrity” to the Preamble of the Constitution. As a result, the description of India changed from “Sovereign Democratic Republic” to “Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic.”
Exam Facts
- The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 inserted the words “Socialist,” “Secular,” and “Integrity” into the Preamble.
- The Preamble was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950.
- The 42nd Amendment is popularly known as the “Mini Constitution” because of the large number of constitutional changes it introduced.
- In the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) case, the Supreme Court held that the Preamble is a part of the Constitution and that its Basic Structure cannot be altered.
- The ideals of Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble were inspired by the French Revolution, while the opening words “We, the People of India” reflect popular sovereignty.
9. Why are Fundamental Rights different from Directive Principles of State Policy?
(A) Fundamental Rights are not binding upon the State and its agencies
(B) Fundamental Rights are enforceable in Courts of Law, whereas Directive Principles are not
(C) Directive Principles are enforceable in Courts of Law, whereas Fundamental Rights are not
(D) Directive Principles are binding upon the State
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) Fundamental Rights are enforceable in Courts of Law, whereas Directive Principles are not
Explanation
Fundamental Rights (Part III) are justiciable, meaning they are enforceable by the courts, and a citizen can approach the Supreme Court (Article 32) or the High Court (Article 226) if these rights are violated. In contrast, the Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) are non-justiciable; they are not enforceable in courts but serve as guidelines for the State in formulating laws and policies to establish a welfare state.
Exam Facts
- Fundamental Rights are contained in Part III (Articles 12–35), while Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) are contained in Part IV (Articles 36–51).
- Fundamental Rights are justiciable, whereas Directive Principles are non-justiciable.
- Article 32, called the “Heart and Soul of the Constitution” by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, provides the Right to Constitutional Remedies for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
- The Directive Principles were inspired by the Constitution of Ireland and aim to establish a social and economic democracy and a welfare state.
- In the Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980) case, the Supreme Court held that Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles are complementary and together form the Basic Structure of the Constitution.
13. What is the main function of the Finance Commission?
(A) Reviewing the National Plan from time to time
(B) Distribution of revenues between the Union and the States
(C) Inquiring into and advising upon disputes arising between two States
(D) Formulation of plans for all-round development
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) Distribution of revenues between the Union and the States
Explanation
The Finance Commission is a constitutional body established under Article 280 of the Constitution of India. Its primary function is to recommend the distribution of the net proceeds of taxes between the Union and the States (vertical devolution) and among the States (horizontal devolution). It also recommends the principles governing grants-in-aid to States.
Exam Facts
- The Finance Commission is constituted by the President of India under Article 280 of the Constitution.
- It is constituted every five years or earlier if deemed necessary by the President.
- The Commission consists of a Chairman and four other members appointed by the President.
- Its major functions include recommending:
- Distribution of tax revenues between the Union and the States.
- Allocation of tax shares among the States.
- Principles governing grants-in-aid under Article 275.
- The Finance Commission is a constitutional body, whereas the NITI Aayog (which replaced the Planning Commission in 2015) is a non-constitutional, non-statutory body.
17. The Constituent Assembly was formed on the basis of the
(A) Cripps Mission, 1942
(B) Wavell Plan, 1945
(C) Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946
(D) Mountbatten Plan, 1947
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946
Explanation
The Constituent Assembly of India was constituted in 1946 based on the recommendations of the Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946. The Assembly was entrusted with the task of drafting the Constitution of India. Its first meeting was held on 9 December 1946, and the Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949.
Exam Facts
- The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) proposed the formation of the Constituent Assembly to frame the Constitution of India.
- The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on 9 December 1946, with Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha serving as the temporary Chairman.
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected the permanent President of the Constituent Assembly on 11 December 1946.
- The Drafting Committee was constituted on 29 August 1947, with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as its Chairman.
- The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949, came into force on 26 January 1950, and the Constituent Assembly took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to complete its work.
21. What is the maximum gap allowed between two sessions of Parliament?
(A) Four months
(B) Three months
(C) Six months
(D) Six weeks
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Six months
Explanation
According to Article 85(1) of the Constitution of India, the President summons each House of Parliament from time to time. However, not more than six months shall intervene between the last sitting of one session and the first sitting of the next session. Therefore, the maximum permissible gap between two sessions of Parliament is six months.
Exam Facts
- Article 85 empowers the President to summon, prorogue, and dissolve the Lok Sabha.
- The maximum interval between two sessions of Parliament is six months.
- India generally has three sessions of Parliament every year:
- Budget Session (February–May)
- Monsoon Session (July–September)
- Winter Session (November–December)
- The Lok Sabha can be dissolved by the President on the advice of the Council of Ministers, whereas the Rajya Sabha is a permanent House and is never dissolved.
- Parliament consists of the President, the Lok Sabha (House of the People), and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) under Article 79 of the Constitution.
25. Which is the only Union Territory to have its own High Court?
(A) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(B) Daman and Diu
(C) Delhi
(D) Lakshadweep
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Delhi
Explanation
The National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi is the only Union Territory with its own High Court. The Delhi High Court was established on 31 October 1966 under the Delhi High Court Act, 1966. Other Union Territories come under the jurisdiction of the High Courts of nearby States.
Exam Facts
- Delhi is the only Union Territory with its own High Court, established on 31 October 1966.
- The Delhi High Court has jurisdiction over the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands come under the jurisdiction of the Calcutta High Court.
- Lakshadweep falls under the jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court, while Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu are under the Bombay High Court.
- Under Article 214, every State shall have a High Court, while Article 231 empowers Parliament to establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more States and Union Territories.
88. What was the average annual growth rate of the Indian economy during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007–2012)?
(A) 7%
(B) 7.5%
(C) 8%
(D) 8.5%
Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) 8%
Explanation
The Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007–2012) aimed to achieve an average annual GDP growth rate of 9%, with an aspiration to reach 10% by the end of the Plan period. However, due to the impact of the Global Financial Crisis (2008–09), the Indian economy recorded an average annual growth rate of about 8% during the Plan.
Exam Facts
- The Eleventh Five-Year Plan covered the period 2007–2012.
- Its theme was “Faster and More Inclusive Growth.”
- The target GDP growth rate was 9%, while the actual average growth was about 8%.
- The Global Financial Crisis (2008–09) significantly affected India’s growth during the Plan period.
- The Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012–2017) adopted the theme “Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth” and was the last Five-Year Plan before the Planning Commission was replaced by NITI Aayog in 2015.
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